Craniocervical syndrome (whiplash injury)  310

General: Disturbed accommodation is due to a central lesion rather than a peripheral lesion of the ciliary muscle; Homer syndrome observed where a palsy of the cervical sympathetics occurs (see Homer Syndrome).

Ocular: General ocular pain; enophthalmos; mild ptosis; reduced ability to accommodate; disturbance in ocular movements; primarily those extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve are involved; convergence insufficiency; nystagmus (gaze direction and vestibular, central, peripheral, and mixed type); vestibular impairment in more than 50% of cases; asthenopia; fogging; double vision; miosis; mydriasis; retinal arteriolar pressure may show changes in systolic and diastolic pressure and be more pronounced than changes in the brachial blood pressure; decreased stereoacuity; vitreous detachment.

Clinical: Headache; vertigo; dizziness; neck and back pain.

Bonica JJ. Hyperextension and hyperflexion cervical injuries. The management of Pain. vols. I and II. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:854-856.

Burke JP, et al. Whiplash and its effect on the visual system. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1992; 230:335-339.

Evans RW. Some observations on whiplash injuries. Neural Clin 1992; 10:975-997.

Narazaki S, et al. The ophthalmic disturbance as the craniocervical syndrome due to whiplash injury. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1969; 13:263.

Wiesinger H, Guerry D III. Augenveranderungen bei 'whiplash.' Verletzungen Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1961; 139:841.